Cờ tướng — Vietnamese xiangqi, close cousin of Chinese chess — arrived from China and took root so thoroughly that its history in Saigon is now inseparable from the history of the city's own streets and coffee shops.
Xiangqi reaches something close to its modern form during China's Song dynasty, before spreading across East and Southeast Asia over the following centuries, eventually reaching Vietnam.
A wave of itinerant Chinese chess masters arrives in Saigon and Chợ Lớn to make a living playing and teaching, among them Chung Trân (later teacher to the celebrated player Trần Tùng Thuận), Tăng Triển Hồng (father of another noted player, Tăng Ích Khiêm) and Triệu Khôn, a friend of Canton's famed "Four Heavenly Kings" of chess.
Saigon holds its first official xiangqi championship. A relatively unknown player named Nguyễn Văn Ngoan defeats a string of established names before upsetting the reigning champion, Đặng Phước Nhuệ, in the final — a result that makes his name overnight.
The Mỹ An company organizes a tournament billed as the "Cochinchina Championship," sponsored by public prosecutor Hồ Văn Truân — a sign of how far the game had climbed into respectable public life within a decade of its first organized competition.
Chess king Lý Chí Hải travels to Saigon twice to face local master Phạm Thanh Mai — losing the first duel in 1959, then returning in the summer of 1963 for a rematch still discussed in chess circles more than half a century later; see The duel that's still remembered, below.
A new generation of Vietnamese masters emerges, several of them, like Uông Dương Bắc, entirely self-taught through Saigon's informal street matches rather than formal academies — proof the sidewalk scene still functions as a genuine training ground, not just a pastime.